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Wakefield Museums and Castles
Charles Waterton and slavery
Charles Waterton was a pioneering naturalist, explorer and conservationist. He lived at Walton Hall near Wakefield. He also spent seven years as a manager of sugar plantations and enslaved people in Guiana in South America.
In 2019 Wakefield Museums and Castles began a research project to learn more about Waterton’s involvement with the practice of slavery.
This article was originally written in 2020 for Black History Month. It was updated in 2023. It outlines what we know so far and our plans for further research and changes to our galleries.
Content warning: this article discusses the Transatlantic Slave Trade. It contains some racist terms and attitudes when quoting from historical sources.
Charles Waterton by Charles Willson Peale in 1824 (National Portrait Gallery). By this time Waterton had stopped working on plantations and returned to Europe. He never returned to South America.
Britain's involvement in South America
In the 1790s, Britain took over the control of Guiana from the Dutch. The land in the new colony was perfect for growing sugar. It had the potential to make lots of money for British investors.
The Waterton family were among the many British people who rushed to buy land there, from wealthy merchants to poorer families.
These sugar plantations exploited enslaved people to maximise profits.
These estates operated through violence, coercion and the denial of basic human freedom to enslaved African people.
Their labour and resilience underpin much of the history discussed here.
The Waterton family and slavery
Charles Waterton and his family were involved in slavery in the late 1700s and early 1800s.
Waterton’s father and uncle each owned a plantation in Guiana:
La Jalousie and Fellowship bought by Charles’ uncle, Christopher in 1797. In 1835 it had 292 enslaved persons.
Walton Hall plantation bought by Charles’ father in 1805. It was sold in 1817 with 287 enslaved persons.
In total, over 400 enslaved African men, women and children were forced to work on the Waterton family’s plantations.
In his book 'Essays on Natural History', Charles Waterton writes about how his family became involved in sugar and slavery:
"Our family found its way to the New World in the following manner: - My father's sister [Anne] was remarkably handsome. As she was one day walking in the streets of Wakefield, a gentleman, by name [Michael] Daly, from Demerara, met her accidentally, and fell desperately in love with her: they were married in due course of time, although the family was very much averse to the match. Soon after this, my father's younger brother [Christopher], who had no hopes at home on account of the penal laws, followed his sister to Demerara, and settled there."
Source: Waterton, Charles; Natural History Essays
The penal laws restricted Catholic involvement in government and business. Waterton and his family were Catholics. Despite his aristocratic home and heritage, Waterton was unable to use his title as a Lord. He also couldn’t work as a judge, officer in the army, or become an MP.
Enslaved labour directly supported the Waterton family’s wealth during this period. This, in turn, shaped many aspects of Charles Waterton’s later life and work.
Charles Waterton’s involvement with slavery
Aged 22, Waterton was sent to administer the plantations and the enslaved workforce on behalf of his family. He did this job for seven years (1805 – 1812). He probably received a salary for this work. It is likely he was sent out in order to avoid paying someone outside of the family.
Charles’ father died in 1805, shortly after his arrival in Guiana. The will of Thomas Waterton, Charles’ father, is in the John Goodchild collection with West Yorkshire Archive Services. It reveals that Charles inherited the family home in Walton, but did not inherit the family estates and the ‘slaves thereon’ in Guiana.
Waterton managed the plantations on behalf of younger family members until they came of age to manage them themselves.
Walton Hall near Wakefield in 1830. Waterton’s father remodelled the house in the 1760s, long before he invested in slavery and sugar.
In 1833 Waterton was challenged over his family’s involvement with slavery. He wrote:
"I never possessed a slave in my life, or any part of a plantation. From 1807 to 1812, at intervals, I administered the estate of an uncle, and others; during the period, the yellow fever and tertian ague kept giving me frequent hints that there was not much pleasure to be expected from being ‘surrounded by slaves and attendants’"
Waterton, Charles; Mag of Nat Hist. July 7 1833. P.394
Waterton finished working as a planation manager in 1812. He began his first ‘wandering’ in South America:
"In the month of April, 1812, my father (Thomas) and uncle (Christopher) being dead, I delivered over the estates to those concerned in them, and never more put foot upon them. In my subsequent visits to Guiana, having no other object in view than that of natural history, I merely stayed a day or two in the town of Stabroek (now called George Town), to procure what necessaries I wanted; and then I hastened up into the forest of the interior, as the Wanderings will show."
Waterton riding a caiman out of the Essequibo River in Demerara by Captain Edwin Jones, 1820s. Daddy Quashi, a formerly enslaved man, can be seen pulling on the baited rope with members of an Amerindian tribe.
Waterton on slavery
Waterton never campaigned to end slavery. He did speak out against it. In his book 'Wanderings in South America', he writes against the practice. However, he defends the treatment of enslaved people by plantation managers:
"slavery can never be defended; he whose heart is not of iron can never wish to be able to defend it: while he heaves a sigh for the poor negro in captivity, he wishes from his soul that the traffic had been stifled in its birth; but unfortunately, the governments of Europe nourished it, and now that they are exerting themselves to do away with the evil, and ensure liberty to the sons of Africa, the situation of the plantation slaves is depicted as truly deplorable, and their condition wretched. It is not so. A Briton’s heart, proverbially kind and generous, is not changed by climate, or its streams of compassion dried up by the scorching heat of a Demerara sun; he cheers his Negroes in labour, comforts them in sickness. Is kind to them in old age, never forgets that they are fellow creatures."
Source: Waterton, Charles; Wanderings in South America
In 1807 the transportation of enslaved people from Africa was abolished in the British Empire. It followed a nationwide campaign. However, it did not end the practice of slavery in the colonies.
The anti-slavery campaign focused on the treatment of slaves within the plantations. Waterton did not like this argument. He wrote of kind treatment towards enslaved people. However, we do not know what conditions were actually like on the plantations he managed.
We do know that Waterton taught taxidermy to John Edmonstone. John was enslaved to Charles Edmonstone, Waterton’s friend and future father-in-law. Additionally, some formerly enslaved people accompanied Waterton on his famous expeditions in the rainforest.
When Britain finally abolished slavery in 1833, slave owners received compensation from the government. The loan needed to pay the compensation was so big it was only paid off in 2015.
As Waterton himself had not owned a plantation or any shares in enslaved people, he did not receive compensation. Some family members on his uncle’s side did.
With thanks to Wakefield Council's Global Majority Race Equality Network and the Black Family Forum for their input into this information.
Wakefield Museums and Castles is committed to researching, representing and interpreting the connections between the Wakefield district and slavery. We have begun a long-term project to share these stories in our galleries, exhibitions and resources.